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Activated carbon for high surface area, porosity and the ability to absorb gases and chemical fluids known as an absorbent. By using the adsorption process can remove dyes, heavy metals, hydrocarbon component from wastewater, thereby increase the system resistance versus organic loading. Granular active carbon has an important role in purifying the scrubbing liquids and increase process efficiency by affecting factors such as Amine Foam, corrosion. Some of other activated carbon application example are:

• Remove chlorine from water
• Construction of catalysts
• Biomass carrier
• Carrier of chemicals

The most important characteristics of the Activated Carbon are shown in following table:

• Excessive deposition during the process
• Delay and stop in the process
• Cavitation in the pumps
• Reduced efficiency of equipment
• Increased maintenance costs
• Increase process time

Therefore, it can be said that the presence of the foam leads to a reduction in productivity and income. Anti-foaming agents are additives that, by reducing the surface tension and thus releasing trapped gas in the liquid. The most famous anti-foaming agents that are widely used to solve these problems include silicon, actinic alcohols, various glycols, aluminum stearates and sulfone hydrocarbons. Antifouling application in the oil industry can be divided into two parts:

• Oil and gas production: drilling mud, oil and gas separation, gas refinery and gas dehydration
• Refinery processes: vacuum distillation, cracking process, crude distillation, benzene-toluene-xylene extraction, aromatic compounds extraction

One of the most important additive is antifreeze. Anti-ice fluids are produce with base fluid as Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) and additives. In region with cold weather conditions, one of the major problems in oil platforms are freeze equipment in winter. Anti-Icing agents are the best solution for dealing freezing in winter conditions at oil platforms. The low temperature and spray of sea water on the platforms, resulting in ice formation and threatens the safety of personnel and operations. Among the destructive effects of ice formation, can mention the following:

• Exacerbating the effects of waves on the platform (frosting the columns)
• Unbalance the platform weight (freezing down the deck)
• Licking and falling (freezing roads and stairs)
• Helicopter safety (ice chopping)
• Impact on GPS and remote sensing (antenna freezing)

Anti-static agents are used to either manage static charges during various stages of processing or to provide long-term static protection based on end-use applications. Static electricity, due to the friction between the flooring and plastic materials, remains due to its static nature. Anti-static agents are used to prevent in the event of non-evacuation of static electricity, explosion or fire may occur.

This phenomenon accumulated, reduced or completely eliminated by wearing the level of equipment with Anti-Static agent. The anti-static molecule is usually composed of two parts, hydrophilic and hydrophobic, such as surfactants. One of the most commonly used anti-static additives is the ASA-3. The reason for the number three in naming this compound is description of the fact that the system consists of three combinations. These three combinations include:

• Salt (alkylated salicylic acid chromium)
• Ethyl Sulfo Succinate
• Non-metallic organic polymer

RH + (CH2)2O → R-CH2-CH2OH

Other application of silver powder:

• Micronized silver powder: in the medical and electronics industries
• Conductive silver paste: the production of thermal elements for automotive glass, solar cells, printed circuits and electronics

Other Production:

• Silver powder of 99.9%
• Silver Nitrate 99.9%
• Silver oxide 99%
• Conductive pulp of silver 60% and 80%
• Electromagnetic coatings
• Silver Grease
• Silver mineral salts

The high ability of palladium to regulate precisely the reaction conditions such as ligands, gamma and other additives has led to the use of palladium catalyst as one of the most widely used catalysts in the various industry. The general form of catalytic reactions of palladium is as follow reaction:
RX + R^ M→ R-R^
Other application of palladium:

• Hydrogenation reaction catalysts convert alkyl to alkane and alkene
• Production of catalysts for the reaction of hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols
• Halogenation and deprotection reactions
• Gases purification catalysts

Other Production:

• Palladium black sponge powder
• Palladium metal micronized powder
• Palladium chloride
• Palladium oxide
• Palladium nitrate
• Palladium acetate

The first application related to the use of platinum in many oxidation- reduced reactions in acidic and bases electrolytes. Examples of this application include the use of platinum as a catalyst of electrolyte fuel cells and methanol fuel cells. Second application of methanol in the preparation of reformatting catalysts, hydrogenation and isomerisation in the oil, gas and petrochemical industries. One example of this application is hydrocracking of paraffins into simpler molecules. For example, heptaun normalizes with the use of a catalyst Pt into smaller molecules:

n-Heptane + H2 → Isopentane + Ethane

Other application of platinum:

• Platinum salt: Preparation of car exhaust catalysts
• Platinum powder: in the production of fuel cells
• Platinum Chloride II and IV: The most consuming compounds in the synthesis of other platinum compounds and the preparation of pharmaceutical compounds and derivatives

Other Production:

• Black platinum powder
• Metallic platinum micronized powder
• Platinum Chloride II and IV
• Hexachloroacetic acid solution
• Potassium hexachloro platinum

The first Studies about Corrosion Inhibitors focused only on the hydrophilic phase, but new researches focused on the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors in the crude oil phase. Although corrosion inhibitors are categorized into two groups including organic and inorganic compounds based on the nature of the ingredients, but other categories are proposed for these materials. For example, based on the performance mechanism, corrosion inhibitors are categorized into three cathodic, anodic and cathodic-anodic mixtures.

Based on the system used, corrosion inhibitors were divided into three groups including water-soluble, oil-soluble, and three-phase corrosion inhibitors. The most important factor in the performance of corrosion inhibitors is the pH of the environment. Keeping pH in a constant amount in various gas systems by using of glycol, is a mechanism that is used in Iran to prevent corrosion.

Michael Faraday first synthesized tetrachloroethylene in 1821 with thermal decomposition of Hexachloroethane and the production of this product began commercially since 1985.
Tetrachloroethylene is a colorless, volatile, nonflammable, liquid, chlorinated hydrocarbon with an ether-like odor that may emit toxic fumes of phosgene when exposed to sunlight or flames.

Tetrachloroethylene is mainly used as a cleaning solvent in dry cleaning and textile processing and in the manufacture of fluorocarbons. Tetrachloroethylene properties, such as the persistence and non-fission of this compound, have made it an important solvent. Due to the solubility of oily compounds without affecting the fabric and the fibers, the typical type of this substance is widely used in laundry.

The tetrachloroethylene catalyst grade is also known as a chlorination agent, which produces a large amount of chloride ion (CI) as an accelerator of catalyst activity and is used in refining isomerization operations. Chlorine solvents are also used as a source of chlorine for catalyst modification. Other application of Tetrachloroethylene are:

• The raw material for the production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• The primary material for the production of trichloro-trifluoroethane (CFC-113)
• Cleaning of metals

The most important characteristics of the C2Cl4 are shown in following table:

CMC is an anionic polymer in water that is made from cellulose and acts as a major factor in improving the quality of flowering drilling in two ways. The type with high viscosity of this material is used to create a concentration and its low viscosity is used to reduce the amount of drilling waste. Among other uses of this article are the following:

• Water absorbent and preservative
• Drilling wells
• Food industry
• Cosmetics
• Paint and Resin Industries
• Detergents and soaps
• Toxins and pesticides

The most important characteristics of the CMC are shown in following table:

Dimethyldisulfide or methylthiomethane is a volatile organic compound with the formula (CH3)2S. Dimethyl Disulfide (DMDS) is one of the compounds widely used in Olefin furnaces to increase speed of thermal cracking process. The main products of this decomposition include carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, methane and radical free SH. In fact, the non-hybrid electron pair of sulfur compounds leads to strong chemical absorption at the metal surface. DMDS added to high-temperature fuel is decomposed. The chemical absorption of sulfur at the metal surface creates a layer of metallic sulfide on the surface of the reactor. Among other uses of this article are the following:

• Selectivity of the conversion of hydrocarbons
• Prevent the formation of coke at the internal surface of the reactor coils
• Agriculture industry

The most important characteristics of the DMDS are shown in follownig table:

The presence of water in crude oils causes several problems such as increasing of viscosity, corrosion of pipeline, unusable waste products, and also making problems for storage. With using of De-emulsification can decompose water-crude oil emulsion or destabilize it. Thus two immiscible phases will produce, so separation of water from crude oil makes easier. In general, three types of emulsions can be considered for crude oil-water emulsion:

• Emulsion of oil in water
• Emulsion of water in oil
• Multiple emulsions

The mechanism of De-emulsifiers replace some of surfactant and decrease the surface tension of water-oil interface. Among of the De-emulsifier that are proposed for use include sulfanates, polyglycol ether, phenol oxylates, and naltyl phenol acetoxide derivatives. The most important factors affecting on the performance of a De-emulsifier are:

• viscosity of Initial crude oil
• Type of De-emulsifier
• Stability of oil-water emulsion
• Emulsion concentration
• Amount of used De-emulsifier
• Amount of salt in the water
• Temperature
• Freshwater rate injected into process oil

The phenomena of drag reducing was first observed in 1943. It was found that by adding small amounts of certain synthetic oil soluble polymers to pipeline systems in turbulent flow there was a substantial reduction in fluid flow resistance, this technology has been developed since 1970’s. The purpose of using the drag reduction agent (DRA) is improving the fluid-mechanical efficiency in pipelines and also parallelizing the stream lines in turbulent zone. DRAs can be selected from polymers, fibers, or surfactants soap. The advantages of DRA polymers made them more conventional than other DRAs. The most important of these advantages are:

• High molecular weight
• Quick solubility in the fluid pipelines
• High resistance to thermal, chemical and biological decomposition

The results of researcher studies demonstrate that Poly-Alfa Olefins have the best compatibility for using as DRAs. The advantages of using DRA are:

• Facilitating the fluid flowing in pipelines
• Reducing the cost of pumping and energy
• Facilitate the transfer of heavy crude oil
• Increasing the stability of pipelines

Diglycolamine (DGA) is the primary type of amine that soluble in water, alcohol and aromatic hydrocarbons, but is not soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons and ethyl ether. DGA is used in gas treating as an amine solvent for the bulk removal of hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide and carbonyl sulphide. It is also a key component in paint strippers, photoresist strippers for electronic circuit boards, corrosion inhibitors, cutting fluids, amides and other applications where primary amines are useful.

Low vapor pressure and high density are the most important properties of DGA which has reduced the solvent dissolution and circulation of solvent in the event of the use of DGA. These characteristics made DGA more economical than Mono methanol amine. Also, DGA has little tendency to perform reversible reactions with CS2, COS, SO2, SO3. Other applications of DGA are:

• Remove COS from vapor of liquid hydrocarbon
• Selective solvent for aromatics recovery from refinery flow
• Remove H2S and CO2 from natural gas and aliphatic hydrocarbon fluids
• Foam stabilizer preparation

The most important characteristics of DGA are shown in following table:

Natural gas after extraction contains acidic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Due to acidic compounds in sour gas that corrode, these compounds should be removed before entering natural gas in the pipelines. DEA was known as a sweetener in the 1960s. Also DEA use as surfactants or anti-corrosion agents. The advantage of using ethanol amine in comparison other amine compounds is the lack of production of COS and CS2 and energy savings. Other applications of DEA are:

• Textile Industry
• Detergents Production
• Cosmetic industry

The most important characteristics of DEA are shown in following table:

Guar planting started for the first time in India, and then the high resistance to this plant in difficult atmospheric conditions led to the massive use of Texas and Oklahoma in 1903 for commercial exploitation.
Gum is derived from guar seeds or cyamopsis tetragonoloba termed as Guar Gum. Guar Gum can also be termed as guaran. These seeds have high low-shear viscosity as evaluated with other hydrocolloids like. Guar Gum Powder is a water-soluble polysaccharide that is stable against heat.

To increase the production of oil and gas, oil drilling is widely used in guar gum. Guar gum makes a better colloid in the drilling mud well. As a result, the waste water decreases and the viscosity of the solution is set and the properties of the flow of drilling mud are stabilized and adjusted. Guar gum is also used in the hydraulic fracture process in the production of crude oil and in the digging of oil wells. Among the other uses of Guar Gum, one can mention the following:

• Food industry
• pharmaceutical Industries
• As a Suspension Agent
• Increase the balance and viscosity of drilling mud

The most important characteristics of the Guar Gum are shown in following table:

H2S gas, in addition to severe corrosion in process equipment, is highly toxic and causes serious poisoning for humans and animals. The process of removing H2S gas, which is the most important gas sweetening process, can be carried out in two ways: iron sulfide or chemical film formation. Chemically based chemicals with a disintegrating H2S amine are common in the oil industry, which are divided into two groups:

• H2S Regenerative Decontamination: Monoethanolamine, Diethanolamine, n-methyl-diethanolamine, Diisopropylamine and Diglycoleamine
• Non-reducing detoxification H2S: Triazine, aldehydes, metal carboxylate and chalcids

The efficiency and method selection in a H2S removal process is a function of the amount of initial gas available in the primary system. When the H2S level is less than 500 ppm, the use of adsorbent is the most economical choice and at a level higher than 500 ppm should be used in other ways.

Methyl-D-Ethanol Amine (MDEA) is an aminoalcohol that is chemically stable and can be heated to boiling point without being decomposed. Nowadays MDEA has been used in sweetening gas widely for because it has many advantages in comparison other conventional amines.

Low energy required for regeneration, selectively separate hydrogen sulfide in the presence of carbon dioxide, low corrosion and more environmental compatibility are advantage of the MDEA. So, the major use of MDEA in gas sweetening is in the refining and petrochemical industries. In addition, MDEA is known as decongestant in the oil refinery, natural gas and gas synthesis. Other applications of DEA are:

• • Removal of surfactants in gaseous processes
  • Used as Catalyst for polyurethane foam

Control pH of Solution
Corrosion inhibitor
Fuel additives

The most important characteristics of MDEA are shown in following table:

The ratio of the production of different products is adjustable by the steady state change of the reaction. This reaction is hot and during the production process it should prevent the reaction temperature from reaching the ignition point. MEA can adsorb moisture and react with carbon dioxide, which is decomposed by light and slowly oxidized by air and turns yellow or brown. MEA is used in petrochemical industry to extract carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from natural gas. Other applications of MEA are:

• Dispersing agent of materials in the agricultural industry
• Row material in production of detergents and cosmetics
• Textile Industry
• Pharmaceutical Industries

The most important characteristics of MEA are shown in following table:

Monoethylene glycol (MEG) is an important raw material for industrial applications. A primary use of MEG is in the manufacture of polyester (PET) resins, films and fibers. In addition, MEG is important in the production of antifreezes, coolants, aircraft anti-icer and deicers and solvents.

MEG which is nowadays the main source of antifreeze production, was first prepared by French scientist Charles Adolph Vortre from the reaction of ethylene glycol di-acetate soaping with potassium hydroxide.
Anti-ice fluids are combined with a Mono Ethylene Glycol base fluid and additives are formed. In cold weather, winter conditions are one of the major problems in oil platforms.

MEG is used to ensure the proper transfer of natural gas from the pipelines before shipment to natural gas. Adding MEG prevents corrosion of pipes due to salinity, salt crystal, absorption of corrosive materials and hydrate production, and the congestion of pipes and equipment. Among other uses of mono-ethylene glycol can be mentioned the following:

• Plastic industry
• Preparation of polymer resins,
• Polyester fiber production
• Packaging Industry

The most important characteristics of the MEG are shown in following table:

Morpholine is an extremely versatile chemical with many important applications. It is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of rubber chemicals and optical brighteners. It is also used extensively as a corrosion inhibitor in steam boiler systems. Morpholine is soluble with organic solvents and water, and the compound obtained from the dissolution of morpholine and water does not have a constant boiling point.

Morpholine is an organic chemical compound that is heterocyclic and shows the characteristics of amine and ether compounds. Different methods exist for the preparation of morpholine, one of which is the deacetylation of deethanolamine in the presence of acid catalyst. Morpholine is used as a corrosion inhibitor in the boiler system, as well as corrosion inhibitions in the natural gas industry and pipelines.

Eliminating carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen cyanide from gas can be done with a blue solution of morpholine. Morpholine is used as an amine for washing organic sulfur, in a mixture of petroleum-amine and to purify acetylene and specific olefins. Among other uses of this article are the following:

• Intermediates in rubber production with high tensile strength
• Light Illumination
• Wax and Polisher
• Bacteria
• Pharmaceutical chemicals
• Antioxidants for crude oil lubricating and Textile lubricants
• Using as Disinfectant

The most important characteristics of the Morpholine are shown in following table:

The most important application of sodium carbonate in glass production. Sodium carbonate is used in water-based drilling fluids to reduce the calcium hardness. When drilling fluid contains a lot of anhydrite, it is necessary to use a polymer that does not react with calcium. Other applications of Soda Ash are:

• Glass Manufacturing Industries
• Bricks Industries
• Food industry
• Additive in urban reservoirs to neutralize the acid chloride effect

The most important characteristics of Soda Ash are shown in following table:

Sodium Metabisulfite is an inorganic compound that consider an antioxidant and used as a food preservative and in the commercial wine making industry. Sodium Metabisulfite can be produced by evaporating sulfur dioxide saturated sulfur dioxide solution.

Among the various methods of producing Sodium Metasulfite, due to direct gas contact with fixed-bed, has the highest efficiency is obtained quantitatively and quality. Sodium Metabisulfite is used as a nutrient and bleaching agent in various industries. Other applications of Topanol are:

• Photography industry
• Leather industry
• Paper industry
• chlorination in water treatment

The most important characteristics of Sodium Metabisulfite are shown in following table:

In industrial process, sodium nitrite production of high ammonia liquid oxidizes in the presence of air in a catalyst bed and produces nitrogen oxides. The nitrogen oxides produced by the absorbing tower are produced by reaction with a solution of sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide, a solution of sodium nitrite. Sodium Nitrite has two types of eatable and industrial. Eatable type of Sodium Nitrite used as additives to meat and industrial grid as a corrosion inhibitor. Other applications of Topanol are:

• Accelerator in rubber industry
• Color Stabilizer in raw meat
• Photography industry
• Painting industry
• Row material in Analytical Chemistry

The most important characteristics of Sodium Nitrite are shown in following table:

Sodium Sulfate anhydrous is sodium salt form of sulfuric acid. Sodium sulfate disassociates in water to provide sodiumions and sulfate ions. Sodium ion is the principal cation of the extracellular fluid and plays a large part in the therapy of fluid and electrolyte disturbances.

Sodium Sulfate is found as a mineral in nature, or is obtained from certain industrial processes as a byproduct and be very stable. At high temperatures Sodium Sulfate can be converted to sulfide. Sodium sulfate has many commercial applications, with an annual production of about six million tons of the most consumable chemicals. Sodium Sulfate is used in the production of detergents and the preparation of papers. Other applications of Sodium Sulfate are:

• Glass industry
• Pharmaceutical Industries
• Textile and dyeing industries
• Photography industry
• Military industries

The most important characteristics of Sodium Sulfate are shown in following table:

One of the important things to reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen before using the absorbent is to remove the air in the path of dehumidification and mechanical agitation. Oxygen detergents are yellow buffers and water alkaline reducers that are stored in the container to prevent direct sunlight. Sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) and hydrazine (N2H4) are commonly used as ozone depleting substances, which are commonly used as oxygenates in catalytic systems to remove oxygen at low temperatures and pressures. Diethylhydroxylamine (DEHA) is also widely used as oxygenate. Among the advantages of using this material are:

• High efficiency in oxygen removal
• Need a small amount
• Low toxicity
• High reactivity with oxygen

Triethylene glycol has three ethylene groups attached to each other by oxygen atoms. Triethylene glycol, like all other two-factor alcohols, has two hydroxyl functional groups. Triethylene glycol is used as a natural moisture adsorbent material in the oil and gas industry as well as in the air conditioning system. Other applications of Triethylene glycol are:

• Moisture adsorbent in textile industry
• Tile industry
• Cement industry

The most important characteristics of Triethylene glycol are shown in following table:

Trolamine, which is also referred to as triethanolamine (TEA), is a tertiary amine and a triol. TEA is a bifunctional compound that exhibits both properties of alcohols and amines. TEA produced by the reaction of aqueous ammonia with ethylene oxide and, as with other amines, is considered a bases.

TEA respect three groups of compounds attached to the nitrogen atom, known as a strong bases and the pH of the solution is 1% of about 10. Since these types of amines have the properties of alcohols and amines, they have the capacity to react with both groups and act as intermediates for amines, and to react with acids to form salts and soaps, Also TEA is hydrophilic as alcohol and can be sterilized. TEA is used in gas sweeting process in the petrochemical industry. Other applications of MDEA are:

• Textiles industry: as an intermediate reaction to prepare cotton cloths
• Metal working: Inhibitor corrosion
• Cosmetics: used as raw materials

The most important characteristics of TEA are shown in following table:

2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol or Topanol is an alkylated phenol used industrially as an antioxidant, to prevent gumming in fuels, and as an ultraviolet stabilizer. Regarding the molecular structure, this substance consists of a benzene ring comprising a hydroxyl group and two methyl groups and a tertiary group. Which is known as one of the most consumable materials in the oil industry. One of the most important characteristics of this substance is acidity, bases and neutrality. Topanol used tantalum is used in refineries to provide jet fuel, petrol, and gasoline. Other applications of Topanol are:

• Antioxidant agent
• printing industry
• Pharmaceutical Industries

The most important characteristics of Topanol are shown in following table:

Xanthan Gum is the first and most important bacterial heteropolysaccharide. Due to the presence of acetyle and pyrolyl groups, xanthan gum is known as an ionic polysaccharide. In order to make commercial Xanthan gum, Zanthomonas Campest bacteria is added to a liquid solution containing plant material such as corn, soybeans or wheat, fermentation occurs naturally and bacteria produce as a byproduct of xanthan gum.

The resistance of this gum has made it a reliable alternative, including stimulant control agents. This gum is a drill mud additive that is more efficient and environmentally friendly than other additives. The main application of xanthan gum is as a thickening agent that increases viscosity. Other uses of this substance are the following:

• Uses as viscosifier because of its rheological properties
• Sanitary and cosmetic industries
• Pharmaceutical Industries
• Agriculture
• Road construction and mining

Xylene is used as a solvent and emulsion breaker in workover operations to clean up reservoirs. About 0.5% to 1% percent of the crude oil is xylene and found lower than 1% in gasoline and jet fuel. Xylene is used to remove of asphaltene compounds, asphaltenes of crude oil, which are unsoluble in normal alkenes and dissolved in toluene. Asphaltene blocks the production wells and reduces the refining speed and, in the worst case, causes a complete stop extraction process. Other applications of Sodium Sulfite are:

• Production of synthetic fiber raw material
• pharmaceutical Industries
• Insecticides

The most important characteristics of Xylene are shown in following table: